JLPT N5 Particle 5 examples 5 min read

が (ga) – The subject particle

が marks the subject of a sentence, new information, and the thing that is liked, wanted, understood or owned.

Meaning

が points at who or what does something or is in a state. Where は sets a topic, が highlights the subject itself, especially when it answers “who?” or “what?”. It is also required with 好(す)き, 分(わ)かる, ある and いる.

Formation

How to build this grammar pattern, with an example for each case.

Noun+が formation
Pattern Structure Example Meaning
Subject It rains.
Question word Who came?
Like / want I like cats.
Existence There is a book.

Usage notes

New information

Use が to introduce something new or to answer “who?” or “what?”.

Emotion and ability

好(す)き, 嫌(きら)い, 上手(じょうず), 分(わ)かる and ほしい take が for the thing involved.

Cannot sit with は

In one clause the same noun takes は or が, not both.

Example sentences

誰(だれ)が来(き)ましたか。
Who came?
雨(あめ)が降(ふ)っています。
It is raining.
私(わたし)は猫(ねこ)が好(す)きです。
I like cats.
日本語(にほんご)が分(わ)かります。
I understand Japanese.
机(つくえ)の上(うえ)に本(ほん)があります。
There is a book on the desk.

Common mistakes

✗ Incorrect誰(だれ)は来(き)ましたか。
✓ Correct誰(だれ)が来(き)ましたか。
Question words as the subject take が, not は.
✗ Incorrect私(わたし)は水(みず)が飲(の)みます。
✓ Correct私(わたし)は水(みず)を飲(の)みます。
An ordinary action verb takes を for its object. が is for 好(す)き, 分(わ)かる and similar.

Similar grammar

は

Sets the topic or contrast

私(わたし)は学生(がくせい)です。 I am a student.

を

Marks the direct object

水(みず)を飲(の)みます。 I drink water.

も

Means also

私(わたし)も行(い)きます。 I will go too.

Quick quiz

1. 雨(あめ)( )降(ふ)っています。

2. 誰(だれ)( )来(き)ましたか。

3. 私(わたし)は猫(ねこ)( )好(す)きです。

4. 日本語(にほんご)( )分(わ)かります。

5. 机(つくえ)の上(うえ)に本(ほん)( )あります。

6. In 誰(だれ)が来(き)ましたか, what does が mark?

7. 車(くるま)( )あります。

8. 何(なに)( )好(す)きですか。

9. Which word takes が for its object?

10. 空(そら)( )青(あお)いです。

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between は and が?

は sets the topic and often gives known information or contrast. が marks the subject and often gives new information or answers “who / what?”.

Can が and は appear in the same sentence?

Yes, with different nouns: 私(わたし)は猫(ねこ)が好(す)きです. は sets the topic (I) and が marks what is liked (cats).

Practice JLPT N5 grammar

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